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Anion vacancies can be introduced into the perovskite structure due to variable oxidation states of the cations (mostly the B-cations) or by introducing differently charged cations (A- and B-cations). The structure supports X-vacancies up to a nominal stoichiometry of ABX2.
Ordering of vacancies can introduce superstructures characterized by their alignment/distribution:
- statistically distributed (no superstructure; 3.1)
- ordered distrubution in 3 dimensions (3.2)
- ordered distribution in 2 dimensions (3.4)
- ordered distribution in 1 dimension (3.3)
- in a combination of 1D and 2D distribution (3.5)
All of these variants derive from the cubic structures.
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